When most people think about protecting their eyes from the sun, they picture long summer days and bright beaches. But as an optometrist, I often remind patients that winter poses its own unique risks to eye health. Snow and ice can reflect up to 80% of the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) rays, significantly increasing exposure. Without proper protection, this can lead to painful conditions like snow blindness, as well as long-term eye damage.

Why Winter UV Exposure Matters

The idea that UV damage is only a “summer problem” is a common misconception. In reality, UV intensity can remain high even on cold days, and the reflective power of snow and ice can magnify the risk. For skiers, snowboarders, hikers, and anyone who spends time outdoors in winter, UV exposure to the eyes can be greater than in summer months.

Altitude also plays a role. At higher elevations, the thinner atmosphere provides less filtration for UV radiation, making the eyes even more vulnerable. This is why winter sports enthusiasts often find themselves at higher risk of eye damage if they are not wearing proper protective eyewear.

What Is Snow Blindness?

Snow blindness, medically known as photokeratitis, is essentially a sunburn of the cornea—the clear front surface of the eye. Just as skin can burn from too much UV exposure, the cornea can become inflamed and damaged when unprotected eyes are exposed to reflected UV rays.

Symptoms of snow blindness may not appear immediately. Hours after exposure, patients often report severe eye pain, redness, excessive tearing, a gritty sensation in the eyes, blurred vision, and sensitivity to light. In more severe cases, temporary vision loss can occur. Although the condition usually resolves within a day or two, it can be extremely uncomfortable and is entirely preventable with the right precautions.

Other Winter UV-Related Eye Concerns

Snow blindness isn’t the only issue to be aware of in winter. Prolonged UV exposure can also contribute to the development of cataracts, macular degeneration, and growths on the eye such as pinguecula and pterygium. The cumulative effect of UV damage over time is one of the leading causes of vision problems later in life, which is why year-round protection is so important.

Additionally, cold winter winds can exacerbate dry eye symptoms. Eyes that are already irritated or dry are more susceptible to UV damage, making protective eyewear that also shields from wind especially beneficial.

How to Protect Your Eyes in Winter

The good news is that preventing snow blindness and other UV-related conditions is straightforward with the right habits. The most important step is to wear UV-blocking eyewear whenever you are outdoors, particularly in snowy conditions. Sunglasses labeled with 100% UVA and UVB protection are essential, and wraparound styles or ski goggles can provide added defense by blocking reflected rays from the sides.

For those participating in winter sports, polarized lenses can reduce glare from snow and ice, improving visibility while also enhancing comfort. Don’t forget that children’s eyes are even more vulnerable to UV damage, so proper protective eyewear for kids is just as important.

It is also wise to pair eyewear with other protective measures. Wide-brimmed hats or helmets with visors can further reduce exposure, and using artificial tears can help keep the eyes moist and comfortable in cold, dry conditions.

Final Thoughts from an Optometrist

Winter may bring shorter days and colder weather, but it does not reduce the risks of UV exposure to your eyes. In fact, snowy landscapes and high elevations can amplify those risks significantly. Snow blindness is painful, but more importantly, repeated unprotected exposure can increase the likelihood of eye problems such as pinguecula, macular degeneration, and cataracts.

By making UV-blocking eyewear part of your winter routine, you can fully enjoy the season’s outdoor activities while safeguarding your vision for years to come. If you’ve experienced symptoms of snow blindness or are unsure about the right protective eyewear for your needs, schedule an eye exam and consultation. Together, we can keep your eyes healthy in every season.